Lennart
Flood, Ekonomisk Debatt: Skatter räknas, räkna med skatter. Sverige har en mycket hög högsta nivå på
beskattningen av förvärvsinkomster. Det finns flera skäl till att denna skatt
bör sänkas. Teorin om en optimal inkomstbeskattning stödjer en skatteprofil
utan progressiva inslag. Det empiriska underlaget visar, trots stora
variationer, att skatter påverkar våra val och att dessa val sträcker sig långt
utanför valet av arbetstid. Det är väsentligt att framhålla betydelsen av att
göra konsekvensanalyser av skatte- och bidragsreformer. Vid dessa utvärderingar
bör strukturella modeller spela en väsentlig roll.
Brookings:
The power of the nudge: Policy lessons from behavioral economics.
Research is proliferating in behavioral economics, a field at the intersection
of psychology and economics which tries to study how people actually behave, as
opposed to the way they are assumed to behave in economists’ abstract models.
This work has developed new and effective policies across many areas, from
encouraging people to save for retirement to discouraging them from smoking. On
September 18, the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at Brookings
explored lessons from behavioral economics for fiscal and monetary policy with
leading scholars in the field, who shared their findings and suggestions for
policy.
Henk-Wim de Boer, Egbert L.
W. Jongen, Jan Kabátek, IZA: The Effectiveness of Fiscal Stimuli for Working
Parents. To promote
the labor participation of parents with young children, governments employ a
number of fiscal instruments. Prominent examples are childcare subsidies and
in-work benefits. However, which policy works best for employment is largely
unknown. We study the effectiveness of different fiscal stimuli in an empirical
model of household labor supply and childcare use. We use a large and rich
administrative data set for the Netherlands. Large-scale reforms in childcare
subsidies and in-work benefits in the data period facilitate the identification
of the structural parameters. We find that an in-work benefit for secondary
earners that increases with income is the most effective way to stimulate total
hours worked. Childcare subsidies are less effective, as substitution of other
types of care for formal care drives up public expenditures. In-work benefits
that target both primary and secondary earners are much less effective, because
primary earners are rather unresponsive to financial incentives.
Guillermo
Montt, OECD: How the Labour Market Drives Mismatch and its Penalties. Results from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC)
(2015) show that the more a field is saturated – when the supply of graduates
exceeds the demand by firms – the more it forces its graduates to seek work in
another field, and the more it forces them to work at a level for which they
are over-qualified. The more a field is saturated, the more likely its
graduates will receive an important wage penalty. Results also show that
workers benefit when the skills they have earned are transferable to other
sectors as they can put a larger part of their skill set to use when in other
sectors. These workers are more likely to work in another field at the
corresponding qualifications level; they do not experience a wage penalty.
Committee
on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population: The Growing
Gap in Life Expectancy by Income:
Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses.. To evaluate the effect of the widening life-span gap
on benefits received from Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, the
committee simulated the levels of benefits received by a generation with the
lifespans of those born in 1930 and compared them with the benefits received by
a generation with the lifespans of those born in 1960. (The simulation kept all
other characteristics across the groups the same, except for health and
mortality.) The simulation found that for men born in 1930, lifetime entitlement
benefits received after age 50 are roughly similar across income groups. Even among those born in 1930, high earners
had longer life spans, so they tend to receive more from Social Security, while
lower earners receive more on average from Medicaid, disability insurance, and
Supplemental Security Income. For men
born in 1960, however, high earners are projected to receive markedly more --
$132,000 more -- in lifetime benefits from entitlement programs than is projected
for men in the bottom earnings category.
Nicholas
W. Papageorge Victor Ronda Yu Zhengx, JHU: The Economic Value of Breaking Bad:
Misbehavior, Schooling and the Labor Market. Prevailing research argues that childhood
misbehavior in the classroom is bad for schooling and, presumably, bad overall.
In contrast, we argue that childhood misbehavior captures underlying
non-cognitive skills that are potentially valuable in the labor market. We
follow work from psychology and summarize observed classroom misbehavior as two
underlying latent factors. Next, we estimate a model of education decisions and
labor market outcomes, allowing the impact of each of these two factors to vary
by outcome. We show the first evidence that one of the factors driving
childhood misbehavior, discussed in psychological literature as externalizing
behavior (and linked, for example, to aggression), does indeed reduce
educational attainment, but also increases earnings. This finding highlights a broader
point: non-cognitive skills are not well summarized as a one-dimensional object
that is either good or bad per se. Using the estimated model, we assess
competing pedagogical policies. We find that policies aimed at eliminating
externalizing behavior increase schooling attainment, but also reduce earnings.
In comparison, policies that decrease the schooling penalty of externalizing
behavior increase both schooling and earnings.
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